Serological and Metabolic Test Correlates of Coxsackievirus B Infection in Iraqi Children with Type 1 Diabetes
October 10, 2025A new spectrofluorimetric method for the determination of chloramphenicol in pharmaceutical preparations based on fluorescence quenching of methanol
October 10, 2025Diyar F. murad1, Anwar.S. saihood alkinani2, Zainab Sami Jaber3, Sarah Kather Majeed1 ,
Athraa Shakir Khozan1 ,Anwar Ibraheem Faisal1 ,hawraa kareem mohammed1.
Affiliation of the authors:1college of Dentistry.university of AL-Qadisiyah ,2 college of medicine.university of AL
Qadisiyah, 3college of Dentistry.university of AL-Iraqia.
Abstract
The rate of infection and genetic diversity of Coxsackievirus B (CVB) in pediatric and teenagers with
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) were examined in a cross-sectional molecular study carried out at Al
Diwaniyah Teaching Hospital between November 2023 and February 2024. Finding current CVB
genotypes and assessing their relationship with diabetes with young onset were the targets.
A total of 56 adolescents and children with T1DM participated in the study. Blood samples were used to
obtain viral RNA, which was then transformed into complementary DNA (cDNA). To verify the presence
of CVB RNA, the conserved part of the VP1 capsid gene was amplified using quantitative real-time PCR
(qRT-PCR). Sanger sequencing and nested PCR were used to genotype the positive samples. SPSS v26.0
was used for statistical analysis.
Results revealed CVB RNA in 20/56 patients (35.7%). The mean age of CVB-positive cases (7.34 ± 3.42
years) was significantly lower than CVB-negative patients (10.78 ± 3.37 years). The 1–5-year age group
had the highest positivity rate (45%). Infections were more common among females (60%) and rural
residents (55%). VP1 sequencing identified three genotypes: CVB3 (50%), CVB1 (30%), and CVB4
(20%). Sequence comparison demonstrated high nucleotide homology (99.26–99.87%) between Iraqi
isolates and reference strains in GenBank.
Conclusions: This study showed that several genotypes (B1, B3, and B4) common in Iraqi children with
type 1 diabetes had a high prevalence of CVB infection. Younger children had higher infection rates,
which lends trust to the idea that early viral exposure can cause autoimmunity.
Keywords: Iraq; T1DM; Coxsackievirus B; Genotypes; Prevalence.
